Ultrafine carbon particles induce interleukin-8 gene transcription and p38 MAPK activation in normal human bronchial epithelial cells

Epidemiological studies suggest that ultrafine particles contribute to particulate matter-induced adverse health effects. Interleukin (IL)-8 is an important proinflammatory cytokine in the human lung that is induced in respiratory cells exposed to a variety of environmental insults, including ambient air ultrafine particles. In this study, we examined the effect of a model ultrafine particle on IL-8 expression and the cellular mechanisms responsible for this event. Here, we report that carbonaceous ultrafine particles consisting of synthetic elemental carbon particles (UfCP) markedly increase the expression of IL-8 mRNA and protein in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. IL-8 promoter activity was increased by UfCP exposure in NHBE cells, indicating UfCP- induced IL-8 expression is transcriptionally regulated. IL-8 expression in NHBE is known to be regulated by nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. However, UfCP did not induce inhibitory factor kappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB- DNA binding, or NF-kappaB-dependent promoter activity in NHBE cells, indicating that UfCP induces IL-8 expression through a mechanism that is independent of NF-kappaB activation. Additionally, we observed that UfCP exposure induces the phosphorylation and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in a biphasic manner and that the inhibition of p38 MAPK activity can block IL-8 mRNA expression induced by UfCP in NHBE cells. These results demonstrate that UfCP- induced expression of IL-8 involves a transcriptional mechanism and activation of p38 MAPK in NHBE cells.