Bismuth-film electrodes: recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis

This article critically reviews the field of the recently introduced bismuth-film electrodes (BFEs). Topics include the substrate materials, the methods of forming the bismuth film and cleaning the electrodes, detection techniques, interferences and potential target analytes. Finally, it discusses the future prospects and the scope for BFEs in electroanalysis. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.