Integrated medical feedback systems for drug delivery

Drugs are now administered at frequencies and doses based on averages optimized for large populations. Because the optimal frequency and dose for an individual differs, transiently or permanently, from that of a population's average, the dosing is necessarily suboptimal. Feedback loop-based individualized integrated medical systems, comprising an implanted sensor, battery, amplifier, processor, and actuator are non; in use in cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators. Drug-delivering medical,feedback loops, comprising miniature sensors and drug pumps, would individualize, and thereby improve the effectiveness and safety of drugs. Their sensor would continuously or frequently monitor the effect of the drug and adjust, through a medical control algorithm, its flow to the minimum necessary for effectiveness, reducing thereby side effects and improving the success rate of experimental drugs. The pace of integration of the drug delivering feedback loops depends on the availability of proven miniature components and of medical control algorithms. (c) 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers