Rietveld refinements and spectroscopic studies of the structure of Ca-deficient apatite

Nine samples of C-deficient apatite (Ca-def Ap) were prepared from suspensions of CaHPO4 (monetite) at 90 degreesC by raising the pH from similar to4 through release of NH3 produced by the hydrolysis of urea. Products were dried at 100 degreesC for 24h and studied by chemical analyses, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) (and Rietveld analysis of this data), Ca/P ratio determination (quantitative phase analysis of samples after heating to 900 degreesC from Rietveld analysis of XRPD data), scanning electron microscopy, He pycknometry, H-1 and P-31 MAS NMR spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. All samples contained apatite, but three also contained monetite. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of HPO42- and absence of carbonate ions in the six monetite-free samples. Mean results for the six samples were: a = 9.4320(40), c = 6.8751(31) Angstrom; unit cell formula from chemical analysis neglecting protonation of phosphate ion, Ca-9.303(50)(PO4)(6)(OH)(0.606(99)).1.97(12)H2O; theoretical density 3.10 g cm(-3); experimental density (mean for three samples) 3.15 g cm(-3); and Ca/P mole ratio from chemical analysis and phase analysis after heating to 900 degreesC, 1.550(8) and 1.550(2), respectively. An earlier assignment of a line at 6 ppm in the H-1 NMR spectrum of similar samples to HPO42- ions could not be confirmed; hence no information about the HPO42- ion content could be derived, in disagreement with the previous NMR study. A shoulder at similar to0.9 ppm relative to 85 wt% H3PO4 in the P-31 NMR spectrum was assigned to HPO42- ions. Occupancies from the Rietveld structure refinements indicated preferential loss of Ca from Cat sites compared with Ca1, but the loss was substantially smaller than expected from chemical analyses. It is suggested that imperfect modelling of the structure in the refinement, particularly disorder associated with the Cat site, resulted in errors in Ca2 occupancies. The P-O bonds were slightly shorter than those in stoichiometric hydroxyapatite, rather than longer as might be expected from protonation of phosphate tetrahedra. However, consideration of known acid phosphate structures indicated that it was unlikely that the increase in P-O lengths would be sufficient to be detected. The observed decrease was tentatively assigned to the presence of Ca2+ ion vacancies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.