New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad

Discoveries in Chad by the Mission Paleoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne have substantially changed our understanding of early human evolution in Africa(1-3). In particular, the TM 266 locality in the Toros-Menalla fossiliferous area yielded a nearly complete cranium (TM 266-01-60-1), a mandible, and several isolated teeth assigned to Sahelanthropus tchadensis(3) and biochronologically dated to the late Miocene epoch ( about 7 million years ago). Despite the relative completeness of the TM 266 cranium, there has been some controversy about its morphology and its status in the hominid clade(4,5). Here we describe new dental and mandibular specimens from three Toros-Menalla ( Chad) fossiliferous localities ( TM 247, TM 266 and TM 292) of the same age(6). This new material, including a lower canine consistent with a non-honing C/P-3 complex, post-canine teeth with primitive root morphology and intermediate radial enamel thickness, is attributed to S. tchadensis. It expands the hypodigm of the species and provides additional anatomical characters that confirm the morphological differences between S. tchadensis and African apes. S. tchadensis presents several key derived features consistent with its position in the hominid clade close to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.