Apoptosis induced by the sonornechanical effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound in a human leukemia cell line

To obtain an optimal condition for ultrasound (US)-induced apoptosis that could be useful for cancer therapy, we applied low intensity pulsed US to sonicate U937 cells in vitro. Cells were then incubated at different time intervals before measuring apoptosis. The apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization. The pattern of the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by flow cytometry. Optimal apoptosis (70.0 +/- 13.8%) with 2 minimal lysis was attained with 1 MHz ultrasound 0.3 W/cm(2), 10% duty factor at 100 Hz for 1 min) at 12 h after sonication. Lack of US-induced free radical detection and absence of Heme oxygenase-1, an intracellular oxidative stress marker, up-regulation in cells, suggest that sonomechanical, not sonochemical, effects are the main mechanism involved. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.