Angiotensin II blocks memory consolidation through an AT2 receptor-dependent mechanism

Rationale and objectives: Several studies suggest that the brain renin - angiotensin system is involved in memory consolidation. However, the participation of angiotensin II (AII) in this process is controversial. This is probably due to the fact that many of the studies carried out to elucidate this matter employed multitrial learning paradigms together with pretraining intracerebroventricular infusions, and therefore were unable to distinguish between consolidation and retrieval related events and lacked anatomical specificity. To circumvent this problem, we analyzed the role played in memory consolidation by AII using the hippocampal-dependent, one-trial, step-down inhibitory avoidance task (IA) in combination with stereotaxically localized intrahippocampal infusion of drugs. Methods and results: Rats bilaterally implanted with infusion cannulae into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus ( CA1) were trained in IA and tested for memory retention 24 h later. We found that when infused into CA1 immediately or 30 min after training but not later, AII produced a dose-dependent amnesic effect without altering locomotor activity, exploratory behavior or anxiety state. The amnesic effect of AII was not mimicked by angiotensin IV ( AIV) and was totally blocked by the AII-type 2 receptor ( AT(2)) antagonist, PD123319, but not by the AII- type 1 receptor (AT(1)) antagonist, losartan. Importantly, when infused alone, neither PD123319 nor losartan produced any effect on memory retention. Conclusions: Our data indicate that, when given into CA1, AII blocksmemory formation through a mechanism involving activation of AT(2) receptors; however, endogenous AII does not seem to participate in the consolidation of IA long-term memory.