Low free-field accelerations of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake?

The August 17, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake ruptured the earth's surface along 145 km and produced a magnitude of M-w = 7.4. As expected for such an event Modified Mercalli intensities of typically IX and X in the vicinity of the fault were determined. Yet the observed accelerations at the five near-fault sites remained amazingly small with horizontal PGA values of 0.14 g to 0.4 g. We attempt to resolve the enigma by modeling surface ground motion with a finite-difference algorithm, utilizing two different rupture and slip histories derived from the strong-motion observations and 'translate' the computed horizontal motion in intensity values. We can show that ( a) in a given simple crustal velocity model different slip distributions result in significantly different ground motion distributions in the vicinity of the fault even though both slip distributions fit the observed accelerometer data quite well. (b) Both slip distributions 'project' high ground motion into areas adjacent to the fault where no accelerometer was located. ( c) Both slip distributions are not fully compatible with observed intensity observations around the fault, although this could be partly attributed to the lack of knowledge regarding to the crustal structure. In the light of our results it would thus be misleading if the few strong-motion observations around the Kocaeli earthquake fault were taken as typical or representative for the entire area and for potential future events.