Ionic-exchange mechanism in the formation of medieval luster decorations

Analysis of medieval luster ceramics seems to indicate that the formation of luster layers could involve an ion exchange between some alkali ions of the glaze (Na+ and K+), and copper and silver cations of the luster raw paint during firing. However, because of the weathering shown by the medieval luster decorations analyzed, conclusive proof is difficult to obtain. A realistic reproduction of the luster decorations has been fabricated in order to follow the process of formation of the luster layer. This has been studied by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, and the results give direct evidence that ion exchange and diffusion are the physical-chemical mechanisms responsible for the introduction of copper and silver into the glaze.