The age of groundwater - Definitions, models and why we do not need this term

The use of environmental tracers to characterise time scales when investigating groundwater is a technology that has been in use for half a century. Its usefulness is beyond controversy. However, the use of the word age for groundwater connected with these techniques is misleading due to its inherent connection to the general understanding of human age. Age as in the understanding of human age cannot be determined for groundwater, although it is a useful zero-order concept abundantly used in this context. This paper describes three basic definitions of age for groundwater ((1) idealized age as in particle tracking and piston flow, (2) mean residence time involving an age distribution and (3) apparent age) and discusses their context in view of recent developments in numerical groundwater modelling. It further gives arguments why the term age is unnecessary in modern hydrology and groundwater management and how not using it can enhance efficiency in system understanding: not using age needs less modelling effort and allows comparing models directly with measured values instead of comparing models with models. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.