Strategies for oxidation catalyzed by polyoxometalates at the interface of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

A basic premise behind the use of polyoxometalates in oxidation chemistry is the fact that polyoxometalates are oxidatively stable. This, a priori, leads to the conclusion that for practical purposes polyoxometalates would have distinct advantages over widely investigated organometallic compounds that are vulnerable to decomposition due to oxidation of the ligand bound to the metal center. Since polyoxometalate synthesis is normally carried out in water by mixing the stoichiometrically required amounts of monomeric metal salts and adjusting the pH to a specific acidic value many structure types are accessible by variation of the reaction stoichiometry, replacement of one or more addenda atoms with other transition or main group metals, and pH control. The structural variety available has enabled the use of polyoxometalates as catalysts for oxidation of hydrocarbons and functionalized organic substrates ( alcohols, amines, sulfides, etc.) with a wide range of oxygen donors ranging from molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide, ozone, alkyl hydroperoxides, periodate, sulfoxide and others. The wide purview of oxidation reactions is enabled because the structural variety leads to oxidation through a number of different mechanistic motifs. From a synthetic organic point of view, the most applicable uses of polyoxometalates as catalysts involve the green'' oxygen donors - hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. Since practical applications are in hand in this area, practical considerations concerned with catalyst recycle and/or recovery and the elimination of environmentally problematic solvents are also coming to the forefront. In this paper, we will present some of our activities in the area of catalyst engineering'' for catalytic synthetic applications by polyoxometalates including: ( a) catalytic mesoporous solids from organic-polyoxometalate hybrid materials, (b) fluorous phase polyoxometalates with and without fluorous solvents and ( c) the use of aqueous biphasic media for oxidation with hydrogen peroxide.