Energy efficiency analysis of a series plug-in hybrid electric bus with different energy management strategies and battery sizes

This paper is concerned with the tank-to-wheel (TTW) analysis of a series plug-in hybrid electric bus operated in Gothenburg, Sweden. The bus line and the powertrain model are described. The definition and the calculation method of the recuperation and fuel-to-traction efficiencies are delineated for evaluating the TTW energy conversion. The two efficiencies are quantified and compared for two optimization-based energy management strategies, in which convex modeling and optimization are used. The impact of downsizing the battery on the two efficiencies is also investigated. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.