Dark matter subhaloes in numerical simulations

We use cosmological A cold dark matter (CDM) numerical simulations to model the evolution of the substructure population in 16 dark matter haloes with resolutions of up to seven million particles within the virial radius. The combined substructure circular velocity distribution function (VDF) for hosts of 10(11) to 10(14) M circle dot at redshifts from zero to two or higher has a self-similar shape, is independent of host halo mass and redshift, and follows the relation dn/dv = (1/8)(v(cmax)/v(cmax,host))(-4). Halo to halo variance in the VDF is a factor of roughly 2 to 4. At high redshifts, we find preliminary evidence for fewer large substructure haloes (subhaloes). Specific angular momenta are significantly lower for subhaloes nearer the host halo centre where tidal stripping is more effective. The radial distribution of subhaloes is marginally consistent with the mass profile for r greater than or similar to 0.3r(vir), where the possibility of artificial numerical disruption of subhaloes can be most reliably excluded by our convergence study, although a subhalo distribution that is shallower than the mass profile is favoured. Subhalo masses but not circular velocities decrease towards the host centre. Subhalo velocity dispersions hint at a positive velocity bias at small radii. There is a weak bias towards more circular orbits at lower redshift, especially at small radii. We additionally model a clusterin several power-law cosmologies of P proportional to k(n), and demonstrate that a steeper spectral index, n, results in significantly less substructure.