Crop damage estimates for crown rot of wheat and barley in the Pacific Northwest

Crown rot of wheat and barley in the Pacific Northwest is caused by a complex of Fusarium pseudograminearum. F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Microdochium nivale. Yield-loss estimates were made by evaluating yield components on tillers collected from commercial fields and sorted by disease severity classes, and by comparing yields for field plots inoculated with F. pseudograminearum with yields in naturally infested soil. Increasing crown rot severity caused an increase in grain protein content and reduction in grain yield, kernels per head, kernel weight, test weight, tiller height, and straw weight. Crown rot reduced winter wheat yield as much as 1,550 kg/ha (35%, $219/ha) in commercial fields, with a 13-field mean of 9.5% ($51/ha). Inoculation reduced yields as much as 2,630 kg/ha (61%, $372/ha) over that caused by the native pathogen flora. Rain-induced crusting of the soil surface greatly amplified pre-emergence damping-off caused by F. pseudograminearum. Crown rot caused the greatest losses during seasons of lowest precipitation but also damaged crops under wet conditions. Above-ground symptoms were not always apparent under conditions of moderate infection and yield constraint. Damage from crown rot in the Pacific Northwest is more widespread and damaging than previously recognized.