Synthesis and evaluation of β-carbolinium cations as new antimalarial agents based on π-delocalized lipophilic cation (DLC) hypothesis

Several beta-carbolines including naturally occurring substances and their corresponding cationic derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial (anti plasmodial) activity in vitro and in vivo. A tetracyclic carbolinium salt was elucidated for antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities in vitro as well as antiplasmodial activity. Quarternary carbolinium cations showed much higher potencies in vitro than electronically neutral beta-carbolines and a good correlation was observed between pi-delocalized lipophilic cationic (DLC) structure and antimalarial efficacy. beta-Carbolinium compounds exhibit medium suppressive activity in vivo against rodent malaria.