High-power lead-acid batteries for different applications

High-power lead-acid batteries have been used for a rather long time in various applications, especially for uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) and starting of automobiles. Future automotive service requires, in addition to cold-cranking performance, the combination of highpower capability, a very good charge-acceptance, and an excellent cycle-life. Such applications include stop-start, regenerative braking, and soft, mild and full hybrid vehicles. For UPS, there has been a clear tendency to shorter discharge times and higher discharge rates. During the past decades, the specific power of lead-acid batteries has been raised steadily and there is still, room for further improvement. This paper gives an overview of the progress made in the development of high-power lead-acid batteries and focuses on stationary and automotive applications. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.