Stand-level response of breeding forest songbirds to multiple levels of partial-cut harvest in four boreal forest types

We investigated whether impacts on boreal forest songbird communities in northwestern Alberta could be mitigated through a harvesting system that attempts to emulate the local natural disturbance regime. The EMEND (Ecosystem Management by Emulating Natural Disturbance) project is a multidisciplinary experiment to compare clearcuts and partial-retention cuts in four upland cover types with uncut forest and with experimentally burned stands. We studied breeding birds at EMEND between 1998 (pretreatment) and 2000, focusing on their responses to partial harvesting. Partial cuts were generally intermediate (and varied in a linear fashion) between clearcuts and undisturbed forest for community and species measures. Species that declined in abundance in partial cuts were typically dependent on shrubs and trees, whereas species that benefited were typically ground nesters. While partial cutting offered some advantages over clear-cutting in conserving short-term avian diversity, we suggest that low retention levels (i.e., 10%, 20%) cannot be justified from this perspective. The benefits that accrued in these treatments were relatively small, and species that declined or disappeared were typically characteristic of mature forest habitats. Higher retention levels (i.e., 50%, 75%) may conserve some species of concern, but the extent to which these treatments offer productivity advantages over lower residuals requires further study.