Development of a tool to assess psychosocial indicators of fruit and vegetable intake for 2 federal programs

Objective: Development of an evaluation tool of psychosocial constructs for use by participants in 2 federal programs, Food Stamp Nutrition Education and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. Design: Cross-sectional data from a longitudinal study. Participants: Limited-resource women (n = 111) living in low-income communities. Measures: Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, ethnic differences, convergent validity. Analysis: Spearman rank order correlation, analysis of variance, principal components analysis. Results: Reliability coefficients ranged from a low of r =.18 (not significant) to r =.74 (P <.0001). Two items were deleted for not meeting criteria for reliability and 2 for redundancy. Ethnic differences at baseline were significant for 1 item. Domain constructs loaded on 4 to 5 factors for the biopsychosocial framework. Estimates of convergent validity of 9 constructs led to the deletion of 3 (ie, perceived barriers, social support, and perceived norms), with retention of perceived benefits, perceived control, self-efficacy, readiness to eat more fruit, readiness to eat more vegetables, and perceived diet quality. As an estimate of convergent validity, the final version of the tool with 6 constructs remaining showed significant correlations with indicators of diet quality: serum carotenoid values (r =.38, P <.001); hypothesized nutrients calculated from the mean of 3 24-hour dietary recalls (vitamin C, r =.47, P <.0001 vitamin A, r =.39, P <.0001; folate, r =.37, P <.0001; betacarotene, r =.31, P <.001; and fiber, r =.46, P <.0001); fruit and vegetable servings (r = 0.55, P <.0001); Healthy Eating Index (r =.27, P <.05); and a fruit and vegetable behavioral scale (r =.60, P <.0001). Conclusion and Implications: This systematic process yielded a fruit and vegetable evaluation tool useful for practitioners and researchers. This is the first validation study of this type to estimate convergent validity with 5 indicators of diet quality, including a biomarker.