Oscillatory bursts in the optic tectum of birds represent re-entrant signals from the nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis

Fast oscillatory bursts ( OBs; 500 - 600 Hz) are the most prominent response to visual stimulation in the optic tectum of birds. To investigate the neural mechanisms generating tectal OBs, we compared local recordings of OBs with simultaneous intracellular and extracellular single- unit recordings in the tectum of anesthetized pigeons. We found a specific population of units that responded with burst discharges that mirrored the burst pattern of OBs. Intracellular filling with biocytin of some of these bursting units demonstrated that they corresponded to the paintbrush axon terminals from the nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis ( Ipc). Direct recordings in the Ipc confirmed the high correlation between Ipc cell firing and tectal OBs. After injecting micro- drops of lidocaine in the Ipc, the OBs of the corresponding tectal locus disappeared completely. These results identify the paintbrush terminals as the neural elements generating tectal OBs. These terminals are presumably cholinergic and ramify across tectal layers in a columnar manner. Because the optic tectum and the Ipc are reciprocally connected such that each Ipc neuron sends a paintbrush axon to the part of the optic tectum from which its visual inputs come, tectal OBs represent re- entrant signals from the Ipc, and the spatial- temporal pattern of OBs across the tectum is the mirror representation of the spatial- temporal pattern of bursting neurons in the Ipc. We propose that an active location in the Ipc may act, via bursting paintbrushes in the tectum, as a focal beam of attention across tectal layers, enhancing the saliency of stimuli in the corresponding location in visual space.