Cognitive dysfunctions in multiple sclerosis patients

Cognitive dysfunctions are frequent symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and occur in up to 65% of patients. Especially memory, attention, executive and visual constructive functions are impaired. These problems strongly affect patients' ability to work, social relationships, and quality of life. Symptoms of physical disabilities can arise independently. Cognitive dysfunctions are clear indicators of MS progression, since they represent highly complex functions depending on the integrity of neuronal networks. Once manifested after a relapse, they remain stable. Given a differentiating diagnosis, it is possible to treat these dysfunctions by cognitive training and pharmacologically for example by immunomodulating drugs. However, treatment options are limited at present. This report provides a detailed description of cognitive functions and performance in MS patients, their comorbidities such as fatigue and depression, currently available diagnostic tools, and therapeutic options.