Some general principles for designing electrocatalysts with hydrogenase activity

Hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion between hydrogen and protons with remarkable efficiency. On the other hand, the design of synthetic electrocatalysts for proton reduction or hydrogen oxidation has been a goal sought for decades, even before the crystallographic determinations of the structure of hydrogenases, namely because of the important technological applications of these reactions (H-2 production and fuel cells). This paper reviews the pre-biomimetic functional systems with regard to their mechanism, activity (depending on the assays) and performances (cost, efficiency, robustness). We show how the design of new bio-inspired catalysts should integrate the structural characteristics found at the active sites, in particular those specifically relevant to the activity, but also benefit from the former studies on non-biomimetic systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.