Effects of multiple low-head dams on fish, macroinvertebrates, habitat, and water quality in the fox river, Illinois

We examined the effects of low-head dams on aquatic biota, habitat, and water quality in a 171-km reach of a midwestern warmwater river that was fragmented by 15 dams into a series of free-flowing and impounded habitats. Dams impounded 55% of the river's surface area within the study reach and influenced distributions of 30 species of fish by restricting upstream movements. Values for the Illinois index of biotic integrity (IBI) were higher in free-flowing areas (mean IBI = 46 out of a possible 60 at below-dam and midsegment free-flowing locations) than impounded areas (mean IBI < 31 for above-dam and midsegment impounded locations). Likewise, scores from a macroinvertebrate condition index (MCI) were higher at stations in free-flowing reaches (mean MCI > 415 out of a possible 700) than in nearshore areas of impounded reaches (mean MCI < 210). Ponar dredge samples taken only from open-water impounded areas showed an offshore invertebrate community that consisted almost entirely of tolerant oligochaetes and chironomid larvae. Qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) scores indicated good-quality habitat in free-flowing areas (mean QHEI > 70 out of a possible 100) and severely degraded habitat at impounded sites (mean QHEI < 45). In impounded reaches, dissolved oxygen and pH showed wide daily fluctuations (2.5-18.0 mg/L and 7.0-9.4 units) and often failed to meet Illinois water quality standards. In free-flowing portions of river, fluctuations in these parameters were less extreme and water quality standards typically were met. We found little evidence of cumulative effects of dams; however, our data suggest that low-head dams adversely affect warmwater stream fish and macro invertebrate communities by degrading habitat and water quality and fragmenting the river landscape. These results should aid river managers and stakeholders in determining appropriate restoration practices (i.e., dam removal versus fish passage structures) for warmwater rivers and streams that contain low-head dams.