Genome-wide expression profiling of human blood reveals biomarkers for Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HID) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of glutamine repeats in ubiquitously distributed huntingtin protein. Recent studies have shown that mutant huntingtin interferes with the function of widely expressed transcription factors, suggesting that gene expression may be altered in a variety of tissues in HD, including peripheral blood. Affymetrix and Amersham Biosciences oligonucleotide microarrays were used to analyze global gene expression in blood samples of HD patients and matched controls. We identified 322 mRNAs that showed significantly altered expression in HID blood samples, compared with controls (P < 0.0005), on two different microarray platforms. A subset of up-regulated mRNAs selected from this group was able to distinguish controls, presymptomatic individuals carrying the HD mutation, and symptomatic HD patients. In addition, early presymptomatic subjects showed gene expression profiles similar to those of controls, whereas late presymptomatic subjects showed altered expression that resembled that of symptomatic HID patients. These elevated mRNAs were significantly reduced in HID patients involved in a dose-finding study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium phenylbutyrate. Furthermore, expression of the marker genes was significantly up-regulated in postmortem HID caudate, suggesting that alterations in blood mRNAs may reflect disease mechanisms observed in HD brain. In conclusion, we identified changes in blood mRNAs that clearly distinguish HID patients from controls. These alterations in mRNA expression correlate with disease progression and response to experimental treatment. Such markers may provide clues to the state of HID and may be of predictive value in clinical trials.