Molecular basis of listeriolysin O pH dependence

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin that is an essential virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes. LLO poreforming activity is pH-dependent; it is active at acidic pH (< 6), but not at neutral pH. In contrast to other pH-dependent toxins, we have determined that LLO pore-forming activity is controlled by a rapid and irreversible denaturation of its structure at neutral pH at temperatures > 30 degrees C. Rapid denaturation is triggered at neutral pH by the premature unfolding of the domain 3 transmembrane beta-hairpins; structures that normally form the transmembrane beta-barrel. A triad of acidic residues within domain 3 function as the pH sensor and initiate the denaturation of LLO by destabilizing the structure of domain 3. These studies provide a view of a molecular mechanism by which the activity of a bacterial toxin is regulated by pH.