Aldosterone stimulates matrix metalloproteinases and reactive oxygen species in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes

Matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs), aldosterone, and reactive oxygen species ( ROS) are implicated in myocardial remodeling. Although ROS, cytokines, and neurohormones regulate MMP in cardiac fibroblasts, it is unknown whether aldosterone regulates MMP in cardiomyocytes. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that aldosterone regulates MMP in cultured adult rat ventricular myocytes ( ARVMs). ARVMs were treated with aldosterone for 24 hours, and MMP- 2 and MMP- 9 activities were measured by zymography. Aldosterone ( 50 nmol/ L) increased MMP- 2 ( 43 +/- 5%) and MMP- 9 ( 55 +/- 15%; P < 0.001 for both) activities. Pretreatment with spironolactone ( 100 nmol/ L) abolished the aldosterone- induced increase in MMP activities. Aldosterone ( 50 nmol/ L; 30 minutes) increased mitogen/ extracellular signal- regulated kinase ( MEK) ( 31 +/- 3%) and extracellular signal- regulated kinase 1/ 2 ( ERK1/ 2; 41 +/- 7%; P < 0.001 for both) phosphorylation. U0126 ( 10 mu mol/ L), an MEK1/ 2 inhibitor, abolished the aldosterone-induced increase in MMP activities. Aldosterone increased intracellular ROS as assessed by dichlorofluorescein diacetate ( 27 +/- 4%; P < 0.05). This increase was inhibited by apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Apocynin likewise inhibited aldosterone- induced ERK1/ 2 phosphorylation and the increase in MMP activities. Furthermore, the antioxidants MnTMPyP and N- acetylcysteine inhibited the aldosterone- induced increase in ERK1/ 2 phosphorylation and MMP activities, respectively. Protein kinase C ( PKC) is implicated in the nongenomic effects of aldosterone. To test the role of PKC, ARVMs were pretreated with chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor. Chelerythrine prevented the aldosterone- induced increase in ERK1/ 2 phosphorylation and MMP activities. Thus, aldosterone induces MMP activity in ARVM via activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor, PKC, and ROS- dependent activation of the MEK/ ERK pathway. NADPH oxidase is a likely source of ROS in this system.