Global models for.predicting woody plant richness from climate: Development and evaluation

There have been few attempts to generate global models of climate-richness relationships, and fewer still that aim to predict richness rather than fitting a model to data. One such model, grounded on theory (biological relativity to water-energy dynamics) is the interim general model (IGM1) of the climatic potential for woody plant richness. Here we present a second-generation model (IGM2), and genus and family versions of both models. IGM1 describes horizontal climate-richness relationships based on climate station data and systematic species range maps, with IGM2 additionally incorporating vertical changes in climate due to topographic relief. The IGMs are mathematical transformations of empirical relationships obtained for the southern subcontinent of Africa, whereby the re-described regression models apply to the full range of global variation in all independent climate parameters. We undertake preliminary validation of the new IGMs, first by mapping the distribution and relative spatial variation in forecasted richness (per 25 000 km(2)) across the continent of Africa, then by evaluating the precision of forecasted values (actual vs. predicted) for an independent study system, the woody plants of Kenya. We also compare the IGMs with a recent example of purely statistical regression models of climate-richness relationships; namely, the global model of A. P. Francis and D. J. Currie for angiosperm family richness. We conclude that the IGMs are globally applicable and can provide a fundamental baseline for systematically estimating differences in (woody) plant richness and for exploring the hierarchy of subordinate relationships that should also contribute to differences in realized richness (mostly at more discrete scales of analysis). Further, we found that the model of Francis and Currie is useful for predicting angiosperm richness in Africa, on a conditional basis (somewhere, sometime); we examined the relationship that it describes between climate and richness. Lastly, we found that indices of available soil water used in water-budget or water-balance analyses are not proxies for available liquid water as a function of climatological dynamics.