Primary production of phytoplankton in a strongly stratified temperate lake

Lake Verevi (12.6 ha, maximum depth 11.0 m, mean depth 3.6 m) is a strongly eutrophic and stratified lake. Planktothrix agardhii is the most characteristic phytoplankton species in summer and autumn, while photosynthesizing sulphur bacteria can occur massively in the metalimnion. Primary production (PP) and chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) were seasonally studied in 1991, 1993, 2000, and 2001. Vertical distribution of PP was rather complex, having usually two peaks, one at or near the surface (0-1 m), and another deeper (at 3-7 m) in the metalimnion. The values of dark fixation of CO2 in the metalimnion were in most cases higher than those in the upper water layer. Considering the average daily PP 896 mg C m(-2) and yearly PP 162 mg C m(-2), Secchi depth 2.34 m, and epilimnetic concentrations of chlorophyll a (19.6 ing m(-3)), total nitrogen and total phosphorus (TP, 52 mg m(-3)) in 2000, L. Verevi is a eutrophic lake of a 'good' status. Considering the total amounts of nutrients stored in the hypolimnion, the average potential concentrations in the whole water column could achieve 1885 mg m(-3) of TN and 170 mg m(-3) of TP reflecting hypertrophic conditions and a 'bad' status. Improvement of the epilimnetic water quality from the 1990s to the 2000s may have resulted from incomplete spring mixing and might not reflect the real improvement. A decreased nutrient concentration in the epilimnion has supported the establishment of a 'clear epilimnion state' allowing light to penetrate into the nutrient-rich metalimmon and sustaining a high production of cyanobacteria and phototrophic sulphur bacteria.