Touch and go: guidance cues signal to the growth cone cytoskelleton

Growth cones, the highly motile tips of growing axons, guide axons to their targets by responding to molecular cues. Growth cone behaviors such as advancing, retracting, turning and branching are driven by the dynamics and reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton through signaling pathways linked to guidance cue receptors. Actin filaments play a major part in growth cone motility, and because of their peripheral locations were thought to be the primary target of molecular cues. However, recent studies have shown that dynamic microtubules can penetrate the growth cone periphery where guidance molecules can influence them directly. Moreover, guidance cues can regulate growth cone steering by modulating dynamic actin-microtubule interactions.