Measuring political democracy - Case expertise, data adequacy, and Central America

Recent writings concerning measurement of political democracy offer sophisticated discussions of problems of conceptualization, operational ization, and aggregation. Yet they have less to say about the error that derives from the use of inaccurate, partial, or misleading data sources. Drawing on evidence from five Central American countries, the authors show this data-induced measurement error compromises the validity of the principal, long-term cross-national scales of democracy. They call for an approach to index construction that relies on case expertise and use of a wide range of data sources, and they employ this approach in developing an index of political democracy for the Central American countries during the 20th century. The authors' index draws on a comprehensive set of secondary and primary sources as it rigorously pursues standards of conceptual ization, operationalization, and aggregation. The index's value is illustrated by showing how it suggests new lines of research in the field of Central American politics.