Massive particles' black hole tunneling and de Sitter tunneling

Hawking radiation is viewed as a tunneling process. The behavior of the tunneling massive particles is investigated, and the emission rates at which massive particles tunnel across the event horizon and the de Sitter cosmological horizon of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter space-time are calculated. The results are consistent with an underlying unitary theory and take the same functional form as that of massless particles. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.