Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin and Its Penetration into Bronchial Secretions of Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

We evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty-five mechanically ventilated patients with severe COPD who were suffering from an acute, infectious exacerbation were included in this prospective, open-label study. All subjects received a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 400 mg ciprofloxacin every 8 h. Serial blood and bronchial secretion samples were obtained at steady state, and concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacodynamic parameters that are associated with the efficacy of fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative pathogens were also calculated. The mean peak (maximum) concentration (C(max)) and trough (minimum) concentration in plasma were 5.37 +/- 1.57 and 1 +/- 0.53 mg/liter, respectively. Mean values for volume of distribution, clearance, half-life, and area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC(0-24)) were 169.87 +/- 84.11 liters, 26.96 +/- 8.86 liters/h, 5.35 +/- 2.21 h, and 47.41 +/- 17.02 mg.h/liter, respectively. In bronchial secretions, a mean C(max) of 3.08 +/- 1.21 mg/liter was achieved in 3.12 +/- 1.01 h, and the penetration ratio was 1.16 +/- 0.59. The target of AUC(0-24)/MIC of >= 125 was attained in all patients, in the majority of them (76%), and in none at MICs of 0.125, 0.25, and 1 mu g/ml, respectively. Slightly better results were obtained for the ratio C(max)/MIC of >= 10. In conclusion, ciprofloxacin demonstrates excellent penetration into bronchial secretions. There is wide interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetic parameters in critically ill COPD patients and inadequate pharmacodynamic exposure against bacteria with MICs of >= 0.5 mu g/ml.