Achieving high-current carbon nanotube emitters

When a carbon nanotube emitter is operated at high currents (typically above 1 mu A per emitter), a small voltage drop (similar to few volts) along its length or at its contact generates a reverse/canceling electric field that causes a saturation-like deviation from the classical Fowler-Nordheim behavior with respect to the applied electric field. We present a correction to the Fowler-Nordheim equation to account for this effect, which is experimentally verified using field emission and contact electrical measurements on individual carbon nanotube emitters. By using rapid thermal annealing to improve both the crystallinity of the carbon nanotubes and their electrical contact to the substrate, it is possible to reduce this voltage drop, allowing very high currents of up to 100 mu A to be achieved per emitter with no significant deviation from the classical Fowler-Nordheim behavior.