Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water

We review the state of the art in using passive sampling technology for environmental monitoring of waterborne organic and inorganic pollutants. We discuss strategies for sampler design, calibration, in situ sampling and quality-control issues, and advantages and challenges associated with passive sampling in aqueous environments. We then review typical applications of passive samplers in assessing the aquatic environment. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.