Nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

A retrospective study of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia among adult patients in two large teaching hospitals in Spain identified 108 (10.6%) of 1020 episodes as nosocomial pneumococcal bloodstream infections (NPBIs). Seventy-seven clinical records with sufficient data were available for analysis. The interval between admission and a positive blood culture was 3-135 days (median 17 days; interquartile range 8-27). The main underlying and predisposing conditions for NPBI were malignancy (31%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (28.6%), heart failure (16.9%), chronic renal failure (15.6%), liver cirrhosis (13%) and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (13%). Overall, 31.2% of patients developed severe sepsis, 11.7% septic shock, and 3.9% multi-organ failure. The main portals of entry were pneumonia (70.1%), meningitis (5.2%) and primary peritonitis (5.2%). Of the responsible serogroups, 78% were included in the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine. Thirty-five (45.5%) patients died, with death considered to be related to the NPBI in 21 (27.3%) cases. Following multivariate analysis, factors that independently predicted death after adjusting for age were: ultimately fatal underlying disease (OR, 8.9; 95% CI, 0.8-94.3; p < 0.001); rapidly fatal underlying disease (OR, 15.0; 95% CI, 2.8-81.3; p < 0.001); heart failure (OR, 8.11; 95% CI, 1.1-60.8; p < 0.03); inadequate empirical therapy (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 1.2-97; p < 0.003); a severe sepsis score (OR, 9.5; 95% CI, 1.9-47.0; p < 0.001); and septic shock or multi-organ failure (OR, 63.7; 95% CI, 4.9-820.7; p < 0.001). Adequate empirical therapy was an independent protective factor (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.04-0.58; p < 0.005), but the use of more than one antimicrobial agent was not.