Application of standard addition methodology for the determination of banned azo dyes in different leather types

An analytical procedure based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and standard addition was applied for the determination of banned azo dyes in bovine, sheep, and goat leather. Standard addition at four different concentration levels was performed using azo dyes, dissolved either in methanol or water. All dyes were determined indirectly by measuring their corresponding harmful aromatic amines, formed after reduction by use of sodium dithionite. Comparing found amounts of amines with theoretical target values allowed an assessment of accuracy. The recoveries were also compared with those obtained for non-spiked samples using external standard calibration. The standard addition approaches provided much better accuracy than external standard calibration, with recoveries close to 100% for most amines. Since there was no great difference in recoveries when using methanol or water as solvent, preparation of the dyes in methanol might be preferred because of the faster evaporation of the solvent after spiking. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.