The Genomics of Obligate (and Nonobligate) Biotrophs

Biotrophy is a pervasive trait that evolved independently in plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Comparative genomics of the first sequenced biotrophic pathogens highlight remarkable convergences, including gene losses in the metabolism of inorganic nitrogen, inorganic sulfur, and thiamine, and genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes and secondary metabolism enzymes. Some biotrophs, but not all, display marked increases in overall genome size because of a proliferation of retrotransposons. I argue here that the release of constraints on transposon activity is driven by the advantages conferred by the genetic variability that results from transposition, in particular by the creation and diversification of broad palettes of effector genes. Increases in genome size and gene losses are the consequences of this trade-off. Genes that are not necessary for growth on a plant disappeared, but we still do not know what lost functions make some of these pathogens obligate.