Vertebrate myosin VIIb is a high duty ratio motor adapted for generating and maintaining tension

Kinetic adaptation of muscle and non-muscle myosins plays a central role in defining the unique cellular functions of these molecular motor enzymes. The unconventional vertebrate class VII myosin, myosin VIIb, is highly expressed in polarized cells and localizes to highly ordered actin filament bundles such as those found in the microvilli of the intestinal brush border and kidney. We have cloned mouse myosin VIIb from a cDNA library, expressed and purified the catalytic motor domain, and characterized its actin-activated ATPase cycle using quantitative equilibrium and kinetic methods. The myosin VIIb steady-state ATPase activity is slow (similar to 1 s (-1)), activated by very low actin filament concentrations ( K-ATPase similar to 0.7 mu M), and limited by ADP release from actomyosin. The slow ADP dissociation rate constant generates a long lifetime of the strong binding actomyosin (.) ADP states. ADP and actin binding is uncoupled, which enables myosin VIIb to remain strongly bound to actin and ADP at very low actin concentrations. In the presence of 2 mM ATP and 2 mu M actin, the duty ratio of myosin VIIb is similar to 0.8. The enzymatic properties of actomyosin VIIb are suited for generating and maintaining tension and favor a role for myosin VIIb in anchoring membrane surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Given the high conservation of vertebrate class VII myosins, deafness phenotypes arising from disruption of normal myosin VIIa function are likely to reflect a loss of tension in the stereocilia of inner ear hair cells.