Preparation and characterization of biodegradable nanoparticles based on poly(γ-glutamic acid) with L-phenylalanine as a protein carrier

The objective of the present study was to prepare nanoparticles composed of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gamma-PGA) and (L)-phenylalanine ethylester ((L)-PAE) in order to evaluate the possibility of using these nanoparticles as protein carriers. Novel amphiphilic graft copolymers composed of gamma-PGA as the hydrophilic backbone and L-PAE as the hydrophobic segment were successfully synthesized by grafting L-PAE to gamma-PGA using water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC). Due to their amphiphilic properties, the gamma-PGA-graft-(L)-PAE copolymers were able to form nanoparticles. The size of the gamma-PGA nanoparticles was measured by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCs) and showed a monodispersed size distribution with a mean diameter ranging from 150 to 200 nm. The solvents selected to prepare the gamma-PGA nanoparticles by a precipitation and dialysis method affected the particle size distribution. To evaluate the feasibility of vehicles for these proteins, we prepared protein-loaded gamma-PGA nanoparticles by surface immobilization and encapsulation methods. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used as a model protein and was immobilized onto the gamma-PGA nanoparticles or encapsulated into the inner core of these nanoparticles. Moreover, these OVA-encapsulated gamma-PGA nanoparticles could be preserved by freeze-drying process. The results of cytotoxicity tests showed that the gamma-PGA and gamma-PGA nanoparticles did not cause any relevant cell damage. It is expected that biodegradable gamma-PGA nanoparticles can immobilize proteins, peptides, plasmid DNA and drugs onto their surfaces and/or into the nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are potentially useful in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.