期刊
ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS, VOL 44
卷 44, 期 -, 页码 91-112出版社
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163600
关键词
Y degeneration; dosage compensation; meiotic sex chromosome inactivation; faster X evolution; sex-biased genes
资金
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM093182-01, R01 GM076007, R01 GM076007-06, R01 GM093182] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [R01GM093182, R01GM076007] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
Sex chromosomes have many unusual features relative to autosomes. Y (or W) chromosomes lack genetic recombination, are male- (female-) limited, and show an abundance of genetically inert heterochromatic DNA but contain few functional genes. X (or Z) chromosomes also show sex-biased transmission (i.e., X chromosomes show female-biased and Z-chromosomes show male-biased inheritance) and are hemizygous in the heterogametic sex. Their unusual ploidy level and pattern of inheritance imply that sex chromosomes play a unique role in many biological processes and phenomena, including sex determination, epigenetic chromosome-wide regulation of gene expression, the distribution of genes in the genome, genomic conflict, local adaptation, and speciation. The vast diversity of sex chromosome systems in insects ranging from the classical male heterogametic XY system in Drosophila to ZW systems in Lepidoptera or mobile genes determining sex as found in house flies implies that insects can serve as unique model systems to study various functional and evolutionary aspects of these different processes.
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