期刊
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES, VOL 39
卷 39, 期 -, 页码 327-362出版社
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051
关键词
horizontal drilling; hydraulic fracturing; induced seismicity; shale gas; water resources; air quality; well integrity
资金
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [1240584] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Unconventional oil and natural gas extraction enabled by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is driving an economic boom, with consequences described from revolutionary to disastrous. Reality lies somewhere in between. Unconventional energy generates income and, done well, can reduce air pollution and even water use compared with other fossil fuels. Alternatively, it could slow the adoption of renewables and, done poorly, release toxic chemicals into water and air. Primary threats to water resources include surface spills, wastewater disposal, and drinking-water contamination through poor well integrity. An increase in volatile organic compounds and air toxics locally are potential health threats, but the switch from coal to natural gas for electricity generation will reduce sulfur, nitrogen, mercury, and particulate air pollution. Data gaps are particularly evident for human health studies, for the question of whether natural gas will displace coal compared with renewables, and for decadal-scale legacy issues of well leakage and plugging and abandonment practices. Critical topics for future research
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