Gecko Adhesion as a Model System for Integrative Biology, Interdisciplinary Science, and Bioinspired Engineering

Geckos possess a superlative climbing adaptation in the form of hierarchical arrays of adhesive nanostructures on the underside of their toes. These structures permit rapid, robust, and reliable adhesion to nearly any substrate during full-speed locomotion. We review the fundamental principles and properties of this system, describe its ecological and evolutionary aspects, and offer our assessment of the field alongside suggestions for future research in this direction.