A mutation in the first ligand-binding repeat of the human very-low-density lipoprotein receptor results in high-affinity binding of the single V1 module to human rhinovirus 2

Minor group human rhinoviruses (HRVs) bind members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family for cell entry. The ligand-binding domains of these membrane proteins are composed of various numbers of direct repeats of about 40 amino acids in length. Residues involved in binding of module 3 (V3) of the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) to HRV2 have been identified by X-ray crystallography (N. Verdaguer, I. Fita, M. Reithmayer, R. Moser, and D. Blaas, Nat. Struct. Moll. Biol. 11:429-434, 2004). Sequence comparisons of the eight repeats of VLDLR with respect to the residues implicated in the interaction between V3 and HRV2 suggested that (in addition to V3) V1, V2, V5, and V6 also fulfill the requirements for interacting with the virus. Using a highly sensitive binding assay employing phage display, we demonstrate that single modules V2, V3, and V5 indeed bind HRV2. However, V1 does not. A single mutation from threonine 17 to proline converted the nonbinding wild-type form of V1 into a very strong binder. We interpret the dramatic increase in affinity by the generation of a hydrophobic patch between virus and receptor; in the presence of threonine, the contact area might be disturbed. This demonstrates that the interaction between virus and its natural receptors can be strongly enhanced by mutation.