Inhibitory effects of chloride on the activation of caspase-1, IL-1β secretion, and cytolysis by the P2X7 receptor

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated cation channel that activates caspase-1 leading to the maturation and secretion of IL-1 beta. Because previous studies indicated that extracellular Cl- exerts a negative allosteric effect on ATP-gating of P2X7R channels, we tested whether Cl- attenuates the P2X7R -> caspase-1 -> IL-1 beta signaling cascade in murine and human macrophages. In Bac1 murine macrophages, substitution of extracellular Cl- with gluconate produced a 10-fold increase in the rate and extent of ATP-induced IL-1 beta processing and secretion, while reducing the EC50 for ATP by 5-fold. Replacement of Cl- with gluconate also increased the potency of ATP as an inducer of mature IL-1 beta secretion in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and in THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages. Our observations were consistent with actions of Cl- at three levels: 1) a negative allosteric effect of Cl-, which limits the ability of ATP to gate the P2X7R-mediated cation fluxes that trigger caspase-1 activation; 2) an intracellular accumulation of Cl- via nonselective pores induced by P2X7R with consequential repression of caspase-1-mediated processing of IL-1 beta; and 3) a facilitative effect of Cl- substitution on the cytolytic release of unprocessed pro-IL-1 beta that occurs with,sustained activation of P2X7R. This cytolysis was repressed by the cytoprotectant glycine, permitting dissociation of P2X7R-regulated secretion of mature IL-1 beta from the lytic release of pro-IL-1 beta. These results suggest that under physiological conditions P2X7R are maintained in a conformationally restrained state that limits channel gating and coupling of the receptor to signaling pathways that regulate caspase-1.