Structural basis for CD1d presentation of a sulfatide derived from myelin and its implications for autoimmunity

Sulfatide derived from the myelin stimulates a distinct population of CD1d- restricted natural killer T ( NKT) cells. Cis- tetracosenoyl sulfatide is one of the immunodominant species in myelin as identified by proliferation, cytokine secretion, and CD1d tetramer staining. The crystal structure of mouse CD1d in complex with cis- tetracosenoyl sulfatide at 1.9 angstrom resolution reveals that the longer cis- tetracosenoyl fatty acid chain fully occupies the A ' pocket of the CD1d binding groove, whereas the sphingosine chain fills up the F ' pocket. A precise hydrogen bond network in the center of the binding groove orients and positions the ceramide backbone for insertion of the lipid tails in their respective pockets. The 3 ' sulfated galactose headgroup is highly exposed for presentation to the T cell receptor and projects up and away from the binding pocket due to its beta linkage, compared with the more intimate binding of the alpha - glactosyl ceramide headgroup to CD1d. These structure and binding data on sulfatide presentation by CD1d have important implications for the design of therapeutics that target T cells reactive for myelin glycolipids in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.