Kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE): A conceptual platform for kinetic homogeneous affinity methods

We propose kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE) as a conceptual platform for the development of kinetic homogeneous affinity methods. KCE is defined as the CE separation of species that interact during electrophoresis. Depending on how the interaction is arranged, different KCE methods can be designed. All KCE methods are described by the same mathematics: the same system of partial differential equations with only initial and boundary conditions being different. Every qualitatively unique set of initial and boundary conditions defines a unique KCE method. Here, we (i) present the theoretical bases of KCE, (ii) define four new KCE methods, and (iii) propose a multimethod KCE toolbox as an integrated kinetic technique. Using the KCE toolbox, we were able to, for the first time, observe high-affinity (specific) and low-affinity (nonspecific) interactions within the same protein-ligand pair. The concept of KCE allows for the creation of an expanding toolset of powerful kinetic homogeneous affinity methods, which will find their applications in studies of biomolecular interactions, quantitative analyses, and selecting affinity probes and drug candidates from complex mixtures.