Third-generation biosensor for lactose based on newly discovered cellobiose dehydrogenase

The present paper describes the principle and characteristics of a biosensor for lactose based on a third-generation design involving cellobiose dehydrogenase. As resulted from a previous comparative study (submitted manuscript), the novelty of this lactose biosensor is based on highly efficient direct electron transfer between two newly discovered cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDH), from the white rot fungi Trametes villosa and Phanerochaete sordida, and a solid spectrographic graphite electrode. CDH was immobilized on the electrode surface (0.073 cm(2)) by simple physical adsorption, and the CDH-modified electrode was next inserted into a wall-jet amperometric cell connected on-line to a flow injection setup (0.5 mL(.)min(-1)). The P. sordida CDH-based lactose biosensor, proved to be the better one, has a detection limit for lactose of 1 mu M, a sensitivity of 1100 mu A(.)mM(-1.)cm(-2), a response time of 4 s (the time required to obtain the maximum peak current), and a linear range from 1 to 100 mu M lactose (correlation coefficient 0.998). The simplicity of construction and analytical characteristics make this CDH-based lactose biosensor an excellent alternative to previous lactose biosensors reported in the literature or commercially available. The CDH-lactose sensor was used to quantify the content of lactose in pasteurized milk, buttermilk, and low-lactose milk, using the standard addition method. No effects of the samples matrixes were observed. The operational stability of the sensor was tested for 11 h by continuous injection of 100 mu M lactose (290 injections). The final signal of the sensor was maintained at 98% of its initial signal, with a low standard deviation of 1.72 (RSD 2.41%).