Long-term recovery after bone marrow stromal cell treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats

Object. This study was designed to follow the effects of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) administration in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI) for a 3-month period. Methods. Forty adult female Wistar rats were injured by a controlled cortical impact and, I week later, were injected intravenously with one of three different doses of BMSCs (2 X 10(6), 4 X 10(6), or 8 X 10(6) cells per animal) obtained in male rats. Control rats received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Neurological function in these rats was studied using a neurological severity scale (NSS). The rats were killed 3 months after injury, and immunohistochemical stains were applied to brain samples to study the distribution of the BMSCs. Additional brain samples were analyzed by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure the expression of the growth factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Three months after injury, BMSCs were present in the injured brain and their number was significantly greater in animals that received 4 X 10(6) or 8 X 10(6) BMSCs than in animals that received 2 X 106 BMSCs, The cells were primarily distributed around the lesion boundary zone. Functional outcome was significantly better in rats that received 4 X 10(6) or 8 X 10(6) BMSCs, compared with control animals, although no improvement was seen in animals that received 2 X 10(6) BMSCs. All doses of BMSCs significantly increased the expression of BDNF but not that of NGF; however, this increase was significantly larger in animals that received 4 X 10(6) or 8 X 10(6) BMSCs than in controls or animals that received 2 X 10(6) BMSCs. Conclusions. In summary, when injected in rats after TBI, BMSCs are present in the brain 3 months later and significantly improve functional outcome.