Adipocyte-derived hormones, cytokines, and mediators

Adipose tissue is responsive to both central and peripheral metabolic signals and is itself capable of secreting a number of proteins. These adipocyte-specific or enriched proteins, termed adipokines, have been shown to have a variety of local, peripheral, and central effects. These secreted proteins, which include tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, resistin, IL-6, IL-8, acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), angiotensinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (bad adipokines) and leptin, adiponectin (good adipokines) seem to play important regulatory roles in a variety of complex processes, including fat metabolism, feeding behavior, hemostasis, vascular tone, energy balance, and insulin sensitivity, but none is without controversy regarding its respective mechanism and scope of action. The present review is focused on the effects of free fatty acids and a restricted number of adipokines, which have been implicated in vascular (angiotensinogen, PAI-1) and energy and glucose homeostasis (ASP, TNF alpha, IL-6, resistin, leptin, adiponectin).