Chaos in Bohmian quantum mechanics

This paper presents a number of numerical investigations of orbits in the de Brogue-Bohm version of quantum mechanics. We first clarify how the notion of chaos should be implemented in the case of Bohmian orbits. Then, we investigate the Bohmian orbits in three different characteristic quantum systems: (a) superposition of three stationary states in the Hamiltonian of two uncoupled harmonic oscillators with incommensurable frequencies, (b) wave packets in a Henon-Heiles-type Hamiltonian and (c) a modified two-slit experiment. In these examples, we identify regular or chaotic orbits and also orbits exhibiting a temporarily regular and then chaotic behaviour. Then, we focus on a numerical investigation of the Bohm-Vigier (Bohm and Vigier 1954 Phys. Rev. 26 208) theory, that an arbitrary initial particle distribution P should asymptotically tend to vertical bar Psi vertical bar(2) 12, by considering the role of chaotic mixing in causing irregularity of Madelung's flow, a necessary condition for P to tend to vertical bar Psi vertical bar (2). We find that the degree of chaos of a particular system correlates with the speed of convergence of P to vertical bar Psi vertical bar (2). In the case of wave-packet dynamics, our numerical data show that the time of convergence scales exponentially with the inverse of the effective perturbation from the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian. The latter result can be viewed as a quantum analogue of Nekhoroshev's (Nekhoroshev 1977 Russ. Math. Surveys 32 1) theorem of exponential stability in classical nonlinear Hamiltonian dynamics.