Effects of constant temperature, exposure period, and age on diapause induction in Trichogramma dendrolimi

Trichogramma dendrolimi can be successfully reproduced in fresh eggs dissected from ovaries of the Chinese tussah silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) and is widely used in biological control of lepidopteran agricultural and forest pests in China. Diapause induction of T dendrolimi in A. pernyi eggs was investigated through exposing the parasitoid to six constant temperatures (16, 13, 10, 7, 4, and 1 degrees C) for 19 exposure periods between 10 and 46 days. The sensitive age of T dendrolimi for diapause induction was explored through a separate experiment to examine the parasitoids that had developed for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 days at 26 degrees C after parasitization, under the six constant temperatures, respectively. Diapause was induced at 10 or 7 degrees C, and the induction period was 4-6 weeks. The sensitive age of T dendrolimi to react at the induction temperature was 2-3 days (at 26 degrees C). At 7 and 10 degrees C, the diapause rate increased with increasing exposure period and decreased with increased T dendrolimi age at exposure. The optimum method to induce diapause in T dendrolimi consisted of exposing hosts for parasitization at 26 degrees C for 8 h, and then keeping them at 26 degrees C for 40 h, finally, moving them into 10 'C for 4 weeks. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.